William Ross does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

To describe quantum mechanics in mathematical terms, both Heisenberg and Schrödinger used the system of complex numbers. In contrast to real numbers, those we use every day to describe distances or ...

Complex-valued neural networks represent an evolving frontier where the intrinsic properties of complex numbers—magnitude and phase—are harnessed to develop richer and more robust representations of ...